亲爱的朋友们，相信很多人对纳尼亚传奇1英语影评、简介、经典语句和求关于吸血鬼的英语短文都不是特别了解，因此今天我来为大家分享一些关于纳尼亚传奇1英语影评、简介、经典语句和求关于吸血鬼的英语短文的知识，希望能够帮助大家解决这些问题。
本文目录一览
纳尼亚传奇1英语影评、简介、经典语句
简介TheLion,theWitchandtheWardrobewasdirectedbyNewZealanderAndrewAdamsonandwasshotmainlyinNewZealand,thoughlocationswereusedinPoland,theCzechRepublicandEngland.ThestoryfollowsfourBritishchildrenwhoareevacuatedduringtheBlitztothecountrysideandfindawardrobethatleadstothefantasyworldofNarnia;there,theymustallywiththeLionAslanagainsttheforcesoftheWhiteWitch,whohastheworldunderaneternalwinter.经典语句-Somejourneystakeusfarfromhome.Someadventuresleadustoourdestiny.-TherearemanystoriesofNarnia.Thefirstisabouttobetold.-TheWhiteWitchCometh-AslanIsOnTheMove-ThebelovedmasterpiececomestolifeDecember9-EvilHasReignedFor100Years...影评ItwasreleasedonDecember9,2005inbothEuropeandNorthAmericatopositivereviewsandwashighlysuccessfulattheboxoffice.Itwonthe2005AcademyAwardforBestMakeUpandvariousotherawards,andisthefirstofwhatwillbeaseriesoffilmsbasedonthebooks.AnExtendedEditionwasreleasedonDecember12,2006andwasonlymadeavailableonDVDuntilJanuary31,2007.ItwasthebestsellingDVDinNorthAmericain2006takingin$332.7millionthatyear.PositiveReviews(好的影评）-RogerEbertgavethefilm3outof4stars.-EbertandRoepergavethemovie"TwoThumbsUp".-MoviecriticLeonardMaltingavethefilm3outoffourstars,callingit,"animpressiveandworthwhilefamilyfilm,"thoughhealsosaid,"itdoesgoonabitandthespecialeffectsareextremelyvariable."-StuartKlawansofTheNationsaid,"Allticketbuyerswillgettheirmoney'sworth."-ElizabethWeitzmanofNewYorkDailyNewsgaveit4outof4starsandsaid:"Ageneration-spanningjourneythatfeelsbothcomfortinglyfamiliarandexcitinglyoriginal."Negativereviews(不好的影评）-JohnAndersonfromNewsdaystatedthat:"There'sadeliberateness,afastidiousnessandalackofdaringandvisionthatmarkstheentireoperation."-CynthiaFuchsfromPopMatterswrote:"Thechildren'sindoctrinationseemslesscharming.Theyarewarriors,drawnintokillingandageneralfaithinmilitari,intothesensethatwarsmightsolveproblems,orattheleast,beatthemintosubmission.简介是原创的，至于影评还有经典语句，都需要一点资料，所以不是100%原创的。希望帮忙到楼主~求关于吸血鬼的英语短文
Vampiresaremythologicalorfolkloricrevenantswhosubsistbyfeedingonthebloodoftheliving.Infolklorictales,theundeadvampiresoftenvisitedlovedonesandcausedmischiefordeathsintheneighbourhoodstheyinhabitedwhentheywerealive.Theyworeshroudsandwereoftendescribedasbloatedandofruddyordarkcountenance,markedlydifferentfromtoday'sgaunt,palevampirewhichdatesfromtheearlyNineteenthCentury.Althoughvampiricentitieshavebeenrecordedinmostcultures,thetermvampirewasnotpopulariseduntiltheearly18thcentury,afteraninfluxofvampiresuperstitionintoWesternEuropefromareaswherevampirelegendswerefrequent,suchastheBalkansandEasternEurope,[1]althoughlocalvariantswerealsoknownbydifferentnames,suchasvrykolakasinGreeceandstrigoiinRomania.ThisincreasedlevelofvampiresuperstitioninEuropeledtomasshysteriaandinsomecasesresultedincorpsesactuallybeingstakedandpeoplebeingaccusedofvampiri.Inmoderntimes,however,thevampireisgenerallyheldtobeafictitiousentity,althoughbeliefinsimilarvampiriccreaturessuchasthechupacabrastillpersistsinsomecultures.Earlyfolkloricbeliefinvampireshasbeenascribedtotheignoranceofthebody'sprocessofdecompositionafterdeathandhowpeopleinpre-industrialsocietiestriedtorationalisethis,creatingthefigureofthevampiretoexplainthemysteriesofdeath.Porphyriawasalsolinkedwithlegendsofvampiriin1985andreceivedmuchmediaexposure,buthassincebeenlargelydiscredited.
Thechariaticandsophisticatedvampireofmodernfictionwasbornin1819withthepublicationofTheVampyrebyJohnPolidori;thestorywashighlysuccessfulandarguablythemostinfluentialvampireworkoftheearly19thcentury.[2]However,itisBramStoker's1897novelDraculawhichisrememberedasthequintessentialvampirenovelandprovidedthebasisofthemodernvampirelegend.Thesuccessofthisbookspawnedadistinctivevampiregenre,stillpopularinthe21stcentury,withbooks,films,andtelevisionshows.Thevampirehassincebecomeadominantfigureinthehorrorgenre.
Contents[hide]
1Etymology
2Folkbeliefs
2.1Descriptionandcommonattributes
2.1.1Creatingvampires
2.1.2Identifyingvampires
2.1.3Protection
2.2Ancientbeliefs
2.3MedievalandlaterEuropeanfolklore
2.4Non-Europeanbeliefs
2.4.1Africa
2.4.2TheAmericas
2.4.3Asia
2.5Modernbeliefs
3Originsofvampirebeliefs
3.1Pathology
3.2Disease
3.2.1Porphyria
3.3Psychopathology
3.4Vampirebats
4Connectionswithwerewolves
5Inmodernfiction
5.1Literature
5.2Filmandtelevision
6Footnotes
7References
8Externallinks
Etymology
TheOxfordEnglishDictionarydatesthefirstappearanceofthewordvampireinEnglishfrom1734,inatraveloguetitledTravelsofThreeEnglishGentlemenpublishedintheHarleianMiscellanyin1745.[3][4]VampireshadalreadybeendiscussedinGermanliterature.[5]AfterAustriagainedcontrolofnorthernSerbiaandOlteniain1718,officialsnotedthelocalpracticeofexhumingbodiesand"killingvampires".[5]Thesereports,preparedbetween1725and1732,receivedwidespreadpublicity.[5]
TheEnglishtermwasderived(possiblyviaFrenchvampyre)fromtheGermanVampir,inturnthoughttobederivedintheearly18thcenturyfromtheSerbianвампир/vampir.[6][7][8][9][10]TheSerbianformhasparallelsinvirtuallyallSlaviclanguages:Bulgarianвампир(vampir),CzechandSlovakupír,Polishwąpierz,and(perhapsEastSlavic-influenced)upiór,Russianупырь(upyr'),Belarusianупыр(upyr),Ukrainianупирь(upir'),fromOldRussianупирь(upir').(Notethatmanyoftheselanguageshavealsoborrowedformssuchas"vampir/wampir"subsequentlyfromtheWest;thesearedistinctfromtheoriginallocalwordsforthecreature.)Theexactetymologyisunclear.[11]Amongtheproposedproto-Slavicformsare*ǫpyrьand*ǫpirь.[12]Likeitspossiblecognatethatmeans"bat"(Czechnetopýr,Slovaknetopier,Polishnietoperz,Russianнетопырь/netopyr'-aspeciesofbat),theSlavicwordmightcontainaProto-Indo-Europeanrootfor"tofly".[12]AnoldertheoryisthattheSlaviclanguageshaveborrowedthewordfromaTurkictermfor"witch"(e.g.,Tatarubyr).[12][13]
ThefirstrecordeduseoftheOldRussianformУпирь(Upir')iscommonlybelievedtobeinadocumentdated6555(1047AD).[14]ItisacolophoninamanuscriptoftheBookofPsalmswrittenbyapriestwhotranscribedthebookfromGlagoliticintoCyrillicfortheNovgorodianPrinceVladimirYaroslavovich.[15]Thepriestwritesthathisnameis"Upir'Likhyi"(УпирьЛихый),whichmeanssomethinglike"WickedVampire"or"FoulVampire".[16]Thisapparentlystrangenamehasbeencitedasanexamplebothofsurvivingpaganiandoftheuseofnicknamesaspersonalnames.[17]
AnotherearlyuseoftheOldRussianwordisintheanti-pagantreatise"WordofSaintGrigoriy",datedvariouslytothe11th–13thcenturies,wherepaganworshipofupyriisreported.[18][19]
Folkbeliefs
Thenotionofvampirihasexistedformillennia;culturessuchastheMesopotamians,Hebrews,AncientGreeks,andRomanshadtalesofdemonsandspiritswhichareconsideredprecursorstomodernvampires.However,despitetheoccurrenceofvampire-likecreaturesintheseancientcivilizations,thefolklorefortheentityweknowtodayasthevampireoriginatesalmostexclusivelyfromearly18thcenturySoutheasternEurope,[1]whenverbaltraditionsofmanyethnicgroupsoftheregionwererecordedandpublished.Inmostcases,vampiresarerevenantsofevilbeings,suicidevictims,orwitches,buttheycanalsobecreatedbyamalevolentspiritpossessingacorpseorbybeingbittenbyavampire.Beliefinsuchlegendsbecamesopervasivethatinsomeareasitcausedmasshysteriaandevenpublicexecutionsofpeoplebelievedtobevampires.
Itisdifficulttomakeasingle,definitivedescriptionofthefolkloricvampire,thoughthereareseveralelementscommontomanyEuropeanlegends.Vampireswereusuallyreportedasbloatedinappearance,andruddy,purplish,ordarkincolour;thesecharacteristicswereoftenattributedtotherecentdrinkingofblood.Indeed,bloodwasoftenseenseepingfromthemouthandnosewhenonewasseeninitsshroudorcoffinanditslefteyewasoftenopen.[21]Itwouldbecladinthelinenshrouditwasburiedin,anditsteeth,hair,andnailsmayhavegrownsomewhat,thoughingeneralfangswerenotafeature.[22]
Otherattributesvariedgreatlyfromculturetoculture;somevampires,suchasthosefoundinTransylvaniantales,weregaunt,pale,andhadlongfingernails,whilethosefromBulgariaonlyhadonenostril,[23]andBavarianvampiressleptwiththumbscrossedandoneeyeopen.[24]Moravianvampiresonlyattackedwhilenaked,andthoseofAlbanianfolkloreworehigh-heeledshoes.[24]AsstoriesofvampiresspreadthroughouttheglobetotheAmericasandelsewhere,sodidthevariedandsometimesbizarredescriptionsofthem:Mexicanvampireshadabareskullinsteadofahead,[24]BrazilianvampireshadfurryfeetandvampiresfromtheRockyMountainsonlysuckedbloodwiththeirnosesandfromthevictim'sears.[24]Commonattributesweresometimesdescribed,suchasredhair.[24]Somewerereportedtobeabletotransformintobats,rats,dogs,wolves,spidersandevenmoths.[25]Fromthesevariouslegends,worksofliteraturesuchasBramStoker'sDracula,andtheinfluencesofhistoricalbloodthirstyfiguressuchasGillesdeRais,ElizabethBathory,andVladŢepeş,thevampiredevelopedintothemodernstereotype.[20][24]
Creatingvampires
Thecausesofvampiricgenerationweremanyandvariedinoriginalfolklore.InSlavicandChinesetraditions,anycorpsewhichwasjumpedoverbyananimal,particularlyadogoracat,wasfearedtobecomeoneoftheundead.[26]Abodywithawoundwhichhadnotbeentreatedwithboilingwaterwasalsoatrisk.InRussianfolklore,vampiresweresaidtohaveoncebeenwitchesorpeoplewhohadrebelledagainsttheChurchwhiletheywerealive.[24]
Culturalpracticesoftenarosethatwereintendedtopreventarecentlydeceasedlovedonefromturningintoanundeadrevenant.Buryingacorpseupside-downwaswidespread,aswasplacingearthlyobjects,suchasscythesorsickles,[27]nearthegravetosatisfyanydemonsenteringthebodyortoappeasethedeadsothatitwouldnotwishtoarisefromitscoffin.ThismethodresemblestheAncientGreekpracticeofplacinganobolusinthecorpse'smouthtopaythetolltocrosstheRiverStyxintheunderworld;ithasbeenarguedthatinstead,thecoinwasintendedtowardoffanyevilspiritsfromenteringthebody,andthismayhaveinfluencedlatervampirefolklore.ThistraditionpersistedinmodernGreekfolkloreaboutthevrykolakas,inwhichawaxcrossandpieceofpotterywiththeinscription"JesusChristconquers"wereplacedonthecorpsetopreventthebodyfrombecomingavampire.[28]OthermethodscommonlypractisedinEuropeincludedseveringthetendonsatthekneesorplacingpoppyseeds,millet,orsandonthegroundatthegravesiteofapresumedvampire;thiswasintendedtokeepthevampireoccupiedallnightbycountingthefallengrains.[29]SimilarChinesenarrativesstatethatifavampire-likebeingcameacrossasackofrice,itwouldhavetocounteverygrain;thisisathemeencounteredinmythsfromtheIndiansubcontinentaswellasinSouthAmericantalesofwitchesandothersortsofevilormischievousspiritsorbeings.[30]
Identifyingvampires
Manyelaborateritualswereusedtoidentifyavampire.Onemethodoffindingavampire'sgraveinvolvedleadingavirginboythroughagraveyardorchurchgroundsonavirginstallion—thehorsewouldsupposedlybalkatthegraveinquestion.[24]Generallyablackhorsewasrequired,thoughinAlbaniaitshouldbewhite.[31]Holesappearingintheearthoveragraveweretakenasasignofvampiri.[32]
Corpsesthoughttobevampiresweregenerallydescribedashavingahealthierappearancethanexpected,plumpandshowinglittleornosignsofdecomposition.[33]Insomecases,whensuspectedgraveswereopened,villagersevendescribedthecorpseashavingfreshbloodfromavictimalloveritsface.[34]Evidencethatavampirewasactiveinagivenlocalityincludeddeathofcattle,sheep,relativesorneighbours.Folkloricvampirescouldalsomaketheirpresencefeltbyengaginginminorpoltergeist-likeactivity,suchashurlingstonesonroofsormovinghouseholdobjects,[35]andpressingonpeopleintheirsleep.
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